Sentinel-2 cloudless 2025
Nepal's land cover in 2025
The Nepal-adapted U-Net applied to the 2025 Sentinel-2 cloudless annual mosaic (10 m) at 1038 stratified sample sites: forest 43.3%, farmland 6.2%, rangeland 28.6%, built-up 8.4%, bare land 12.2% and water 1.3%.
Nepal in 2025
Show the numbers
| Class | U-Net (%) | 95% interval | Change since 2024 | Reference map (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban land | 8.4 | 7.5–9.4 | +2.1 | 4.0 |
| Agriculture land | 6.2 | 5.5–7.0 | −1.0 | 9.6 |
| Rangeland | 28.6 | 27.1–30.0 | +4.1 | 32.7 |
| Forest land | 43.3 | 41.3–45.2 | −5.7 | 42.4 |
| Water | 1.3 | 1.1–1.5 | +0.4 | 0.6 |
| Barren land | 12.2 | 10.8–13.5 | +0.1 | 10.7 |
Every district in 2025
| District | Province | Forest % | Farmland % | Rangeland % | Built-up % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achham | Sudur Paschim | 36.9 | 3.3 | 41.5 | 15.6 |
| Arghakhanchi | Lumbini | 67.7 | 0.1 | 23.5 | 8.7 |
| Baglung | Gandaki | 68.6 | 0.1 | 30.3 | 1.0 |
| Baitadi | Sudur Paschim | 27.3 | 2.8 | 63.5 | 6.1 |
| Bajhang | Sudur Paschim | 40.4 | 0.2 | 35.9 | 0.6 |
| Bajura | Sudur Paschim | 35.0 | 1.0 | 46.9 | 2.3 |
| Banke | Lumbini | 67.9 | 10.7 | 4.2 | 17.1 |
| Bara | Madhesh | 22.2 | 50.1 | 0.3 | 25.7 |
| Bardiya | Lumbini | 59.7 | 16.3 | 5.6 | 18.1 |
| Bhaktapur | Bagmati | 11.6 | 12.5 | 1.1 | 74.9 |
| Bhojpur | Koshi | 79.1 | 0.9 | 15.3 | 4.2 |
| Chitawan | Bagmati | 63.5 | 11.3 | 13.9 | 10.3 |
| Dadeldhura | Sudur Paschim | 72.6 | 0.1 | 24.5 | 2.6 |
| Dailekh | Karnali | 48.9 | 0.2 | 40.4 | 8.9 |
| Dang | Lumbini | 69.7 | 5.9 | 17.0 | 5.4 |
| Darchula | Sudur Paschim | 42.7 | 0.3 | 44.3 | 3.3 |
| Dhading | Bagmati | 45.2 | 0.6 | 46.4 | 6.9 |
| Dhankuta | Koshi | 53.8 | 3.4 | 25.6 | 17.2 |
| Dhanusa | Madhesh | 31.0 | 23.1 | 23.3 | 22.6 |
| Dolakha | Bagmati | 31.9 | 0.9 | 35.8 | 4.3 |
| Dolpa | Karnali | 13.3 | 0.9 | 45.3 | 0.7 |
| Doti | Sudur Paschim | 68.3 | 0.3 | 24.6 | 6.6 |
| Gorkha | Gandaki | 38.6 | 0.3 | 34.4 | 2.4 |
| Gulmi | Lumbini | 54.8 | 0.0 | 40.5 | 3.5 |
| Humla | Karnali | 14.0 | 0.3 | 34.6 | 0.3 |
| Ilam | Koshi | 73.9 | 2.0 | 15.8 | 7.8 |
| Jajarkot | Karnali | 49.8 | 2.7 | 42.9 | 4.1 |
| Jhapa | Koshi | 11.0 | 44.9 | 7.4 | 31.4 |
| Jumla | Karnali | 34.8 | 8.7 | 51.0 | 1.3 |
| Kailali | Sudur Paschim | 59.2 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 17.4 |
| Kalikot | Karnali | 39.9 | 5.2 | 52.7 | 1.2 |
| Kanchanpur | Sudur Paschim | 35.5 | 16.4 | 14.4 | 29.3 |
| Kapilbastu | Lumbini | 37.2 | 23.3 | 3.3 | 34.4 |
| Kaski | Gandaki | 60.8 | 1.4 | 21.7 | 8.3 |
| Kathmandu | Bagmati | 4.0 | 6.6 | 1.5 | 87.9 |
| Kavrepalanchok | Bagmati | 57.8 | 2.8 | 26.9 | 11.7 |
| Khotang | Koshi | 42.7 | 1.7 | 47.0 | 7.2 |
| Lalitpur | Bagmati | 47.6 | 2.1 | 12.3 | 34.9 |
| Lamjung | Gandaki | 66.3 | 0.2 | 26.7 | 0.2 |
| Mahottari | Madhesh | 48.1 | 20.2 | 10.1 | 18.9 |
| Makwanpur | Bagmati | 70.8 | 1.5 | 13.8 | 12.7 |
| Manang | Gandaki | 5.7 | 0.2 | 24.8 | 0.8 |
| Morang | Koshi | 28.4 | 36.3 | 7.9 | 26.4 |
| Mugu | Karnali | 27.2 | 0.2 | 45.1 | 0.1 |
| Mustang | Gandaki | 4.3 | 0.2 | 47.7 | 1.5 |
| Myagdi | Gandaki | 55.4 | 0.6 | 25.7 | 3.4 |
| Nawalparasi East | Gandaki | 82.1 | 1.6 | 11.8 | 3.3 |
| Nawalparasi West | Lumbini | 45.9 | 19.9 | 3.8 | 27.9 |
| Nuwakot | Bagmati | 37.2 | 6.0 | 23.8 | 32.0 |
| Okhaldhunga | Koshi | 57.8 | 1.1 | 35.8 | 0.7 |
| Palpa | Lumbini | 69.3 | 0.0 | 27.3 | 1.3 |
| Panchthar | Koshi | 69.0 | 0.2 | 28.2 | 1.5 |
| Parbat | Gandaki | 53.0 | 0.2 | 39.6 | 7.2 |
| Parsa | Madhesh | 50.0 | 30.3 | 3.7 | 12.3 |
| Pyuthan | Lumbini | 50.7 | 0.1 | 41.2 | 7.9 |
| Ramechhap | Bagmati | 49.3 | 3.7 | 43.8 | 3.0 |
| Rasuwa | Bagmati | 32.3 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 1.5 |
| Rautahat | Madhesh | 37.0 | 39.5 | 0.9 | 22.7 |
| Rolpa | Lumbini | 52.1 | 1.0 | 36.8 | 10.0 |
| Rukum East | Lumbini | 45.7 | 0.7 | 47.9 | 0.6 |
| Rukum West | Karnali | 38.5 | 0.0 | 54.5 | 1.1 |
| Rupandehi | Lumbini | 27.6 | 31.9 | 7.1 | 30.4 |
| Salyan | Karnali | 49.4 | 0.8 | 33.7 | 16.0 |
| Sankhuwasabha | Koshi | 51.4 | 2.8 | 23.5 | 5.4 |
| Saptari | Madhesh | 5.9 | 28.5 | 27.1 | 36.1 |
| Sarlahi | Madhesh | 17.6 | 49.8 | 4.9 | 20.8 |
| Sindhuli | Bagmati | 68.1 | 3.2 | 14.7 | 4.8 |
| Sindhupalchok | Bagmati | 60.0 | 0.1 | 37.4 | 0.5 |
| Siraha | Madhesh | 16.0 | 25.1 | 32.8 | 24.0 |
| Solukhumbu | Koshi | 40.4 | 0.9 | 19.9 | 0.4 |
| Sunsari | Koshi | 13.5 | 29.8 | 2.3 | 31.7 |
| Surkhet | Karnali | 61.0 | 1.7 | 27.5 | 9.8 |
| Syangja | Gandaki | 45.3 | 0.3 | 36.1 | 18.0 |
| Tanahu | Gandaki | 45.1 | 0.9 | 43.4 | 7.7 |
| Taplejung | Koshi | 43.9 | 0.3 | 20.8 | 0.3 |
| Terhathum | Koshi | 84.6 | 0.1 | 11.1 | 4.1 |
| Udayapur | Koshi | 45.5 | 12.0 | 29.1 | 6.2 |
District estimates rest on 8 or more sample sites each, so their intervals are wide; compare districts with care.
Other years: 2016 · 2018 · 2019 · 2020 · 2021 · 2022 · 2023 · 2024
Source: Nepal-adapted U-Net on EOX Sentinel-2 cloudless 2025 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data); reference: Impact Observatory/Esri 10 m land cover.