Sentinel-2 cloudless 2019
Nepal's land cover in 2019
The Nepal-adapted U-Net applied to the 2019 Sentinel-2 cloudless annual mosaic (10 m) at 1038 stratified sample sites: forest 42.7%, farmland 10.9%, rangeland 31.0%, built-up 3.6%, bare land 10.0% and water 1.9%.
Nepal in 2019
Show the numbers
| Class | U-Net (%) | 95% interval | Change since 2018 | Reference map (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban land | 3.6 | 3.1–4.1 | +1.5 | 2.8 |
| Agriculture land | 10.9 | 9.8–12.0 | −0.5 | 10.9 |
| Rangeland | 31.0 | 29.5–32.5 | +2.1 | 33.5 |
| Forest land | 42.7 | 40.8–44.5 | −2.1 | 41.2 |
| Water | 1.9 | 1.6–2.3 | −0.9 | 0.5 |
| Barren land | 10.0 | 8.7–11.3 | −0.1 | 11.2 |
Every district in 2019
| District | Province | Forest % | Farmland % | Rangeland % | Built-up % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achham | Sudur Paschim | 39.6 | 0.1 | 56.6 | 0.8 |
| Arghakhanchi | Lumbini | 75.8 | 0.1 | 23.6 | 0.5 |
| Baglung | Gandaki | 68.0 | 0.0 | 31.2 | 0.0 |
| Baitadi | Sudur Paschim | 33.7 | 0.0 | 66.0 | 0.0 |
| Bajhang | Sudur Paschim | 24.5 | 0.4 | 46.8 | 0.5 |
| Bajura | Sudur Paschim | 29.8 | 0.1 | 57.0 | 0.6 |
| Banke | Lumbini | 60.2 | 30.4 | 1.3 | 6.7 |
| Bara | Madhesh | 14.5 | 73.0 | 0.3 | 8.5 |
| Bardiya | Lumbini | 56.8 | 34.9 | 2.3 | 4.2 |
| Bhaktapur | Bagmati | 11.2 | 19.3 | 13.7 | 55.9 |
| Bhojpur | Koshi | 76.1 | 0.0 | 23.9 | 0.0 |
| Chitawan | Bagmati | 69.1 | 18.9 | 8.4 | 2.7 |
| Dadeldhura | Sudur Paschim | 82.2 | 0.0 | 17.7 | 0.0 |
| Dailekh | Karnali | 62.9 | 0.0 | 35.9 | 0.4 |
| Dang | Lumbini | 71.3 | 8.6 | 16.8 | 1.8 |
| Darchula | Sudur Paschim | 30.7 | 0.1 | 59.3 | 1.1 |
| Dhading | Bagmati | 56.7 | 0.4 | 41.8 | 1.0 |
| Dhankuta | Koshi | 65.1 | 0.1 | 31.9 | 3.0 |
| Dhanusa | Madhesh | 17.2 | 61.2 | 2.7 | 17.9 |
| Dolakha | Bagmati | 34.1 | 1.1 | 38.6 | 9.0 |
| Dolpa | Karnali | 9.5 | 2.6 | 54.6 | 2.8 |
| Doti | Sudur Paschim | 71.8 | 0.0 | 27.5 | 0.7 |
| Gorkha | Gandaki | 35.1 | 1.0 | 43.6 | 0.6 |
| Gulmi | Lumbini | 68.0 | 0.0 | 30.6 | 0.0 |
| Humla | Karnali | 12.3 | 0.3 | 35.2 | 2.0 |
| Ilam | Koshi | 70.5 | 7.1 | 20.0 | 2.3 |
| Jajarkot | Karnali | 54.4 | 0.1 | 43.9 | 0.1 |
| Jhapa | Koshi | 8.3 | 70.2 | 6.0 | 12.0 |
| Jumla | Karnali | 26.2 | 2.2 | 49.6 | 4.0 |
| Kailali | Sudur Paschim | 59.4 | 27.4 | 6.2 | 4.4 |
| Kalikot | Karnali | 39.1 | 0.5 | 53.5 | 0.9 |
| Kanchanpur | Sudur Paschim | 34.9 | 48.1 | 11.0 | 4.2 |
| Kapilbastu | Lumbini | 22.0 | 61.1 | 4.0 | 11.6 |
| Kaski | Gandaki | 63.4 | 0.3 | 26.0 | 0.9 |
| Kathmandu | Bagmati | 6.6 | 3.6 | 11.8 | 77.0 |
| Kavrepalanchok | Bagmati | 66.4 | 0.0 | 32.9 | 0.5 |
| Khotang | Koshi | 47.6 | 0.1 | 52.0 | 0.0 |
| Lalitpur | Bagmati | 57.6 | 2.5 | 12.2 | 27.3 |
| Lamjung | Gandaki | 64.7 | 0.0 | 27.9 | 0.3 |
| Mahottari | Madhesh | 45.3 | 40.1 | 1.3 | 10.2 |
| Makwanpur | Bagmati | 74.7 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 8.1 |
| Manang | Gandaki | 2.2 | 0.9 | 27.7 | 1.1 |
| Morang | Koshi | 32.3 | 41.9 | 5.8 | 19.1 |
| Mugu | Karnali | 24.9 | 0.0 | 46.6 | 0.3 |
| Mustang | Gandaki | 4.5 | 3.7 | 45.3 | 1.2 |
| Myagdi | Gandaki | 45.7 | 0.0 | 39.7 | 1.0 |
| Nawalparasi East | Gandaki | 80.9 | 4.5 | 12.4 | 1.8 |
| Nawalparasi West | Lumbini | 46.0 | 44.2 | 0.3 | 6.5 |
| Nuwakot | Bagmati | 42.2 | 12.1 | 33.5 | 10.8 |
| Okhaldhunga | Koshi | 44.9 | 0.0 | 50.6 | 2.5 |
| Palpa | Lumbini | 78.7 | 0.0 | 20.7 | 0.3 |
| Panchthar | Koshi | 67.7 | 0.1 | 32.1 | 0.1 |
| Parbat | Gandaki | 68.7 | 0.0 | 31.3 | 0.0 |
| Parsa | Madhesh | 38.1 | 50.3 | 0.3 | 7.6 |
| Pyuthan | Lumbini | 63.0 | 0.0 | 36.4 | 0.6 |
| Ramechhap | Bagmati | 41.5 | 1.4 | 53.4 | 3.4 |
| Rasuwa | Bagmati | 31.3 | 1.2 | 29.4 | 1.8 |
| Rautahat | Madhesh | 28.5 | 59.4 | 0.1 | 11.9 |
| Rolpa | Lumbini | 65.3 | 0.0 | 34.6 | 0.0 |
| Rukum East | Lumbini | 38.5 | 0.9 | 59.6 | 0.6 |
| Rukum West | Karnali | 51.2 | 0.0 | 34.1 | 1.1 |
| Rupandehi | Lumbini | 22.5 | 69.9 | 0.0 | 6.4 |
| Salyan | Karnali | 58.0 | 0.0 | 42.0 | 0.0 |
| Sankhuwasabha | Koshi | 51.7 | 0.8 | 34.5 | 3.2 |
| Saptari | Madhesh | 20.4 | 52.2 | 3.2 | 22.3 |
| Sarlahi | Madhesh | 0.1 | 80.9 | 0.6 | 10.2 |
| Sindhuli | Bagmati | 68.4 | 10.0 | 16.6 | 0.8 |
| Sindhupalchok | Bagmati | 47.7 | 0.8 | 47.7 | 1.9 |
| Siraha | Madhesh | 26.4 | 55.4 | 5.1 | 10.6 |
| Solukhumbu | Koshi | 30.5 | 0.1 | 37.6 | 1.3 |
| Sunsari | Koshi | 18.6 | 48.9 | 2.0 | 18.6 |
| Surkhet | Karnali | 70.6 | 6.1 | 20.0 | 3.2 |
| Syangja | Gandaki | 50.1 | 0.0 | 48.0 | 1.7 |
| Tanahu | Gandaki | 48.6 | 8.1 | 42.3 | 0.9 |
| Taplejung | Koshi | 43.6 | 0.9 | 29.1 | 3.1 |
| Terhathum | Koshi | 60.7 | 0.0 | 39.1 | 0.0 |
| Udayapur | Koshi | 53.8 | 11.0 | 26.8 | 2.1 |
District estimates rest on 8 or more sample sites each, so their intervals are wide; compare districts with care.
Other years: 2016 · 2018 · 2020 · 2021 · 2022 · 2023 · 2024 · 2025
Source: Nepal-adapted U-Net on EOX Sentinel-2 cloudless 2019 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data); reference: Impact Observatory/Esri 10 m land cover.